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anti phosphorylated irf3  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Structured Review

    Cell Signaling Technology Inc anti phosphorylated irf3
    A Heatmap showing the decreased expression of majority of ISGs compared SP to Control group (each group, n = 4) in HCT116 cells; SP treated 4 h. B qPCR testing the expression of CXCL10, ISG15, IFNB1, and IFIT1 in HCT116 cells. PAM3, LPS, and cGAMP treat HCT116 for 3 h. PAM3, Pam3CSK4, stimulates TLR2 ligand; LPS, stimulates TLR4 ligand; poly (I:C), stimulates MAVS; cGAMP, 2′3′-cGAMP, stimulates STING. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 4. C WB analysis in HCT116 pretreated with SP for 48 h, followed by a 3 h stimulation with cGAMP (left) and poly (I:C) (right); <t>p-IRF3,</t> IRF3 phosphorylate; p-TBK1, TBK1 phosphorylate; t-IRF3, total IRF3; t-TBK1, total TBK1. D ELISA analysis IFNβ secretion in HCT116 treated with cGAMP for 3 h after with or without infected SP for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. E WB analysis STING protein in different cell lines treated with SP for 48 h in different MOI. F IF shows SP-GFP within HCT116 cells. ER, light blue; SP-GFP, green; Nucleus, DAPI, red. Scale bar = 15 μm, 5 μm. G ELISA analysis of IFNβ secretion in STING-KO HCT116. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. H Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-II⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with wild-type or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. I Flow cytometry analysis of CD206⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with WT or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. J Tumor volume (left) and tumor weight (right) in C57 mouse. STING-KO, knock out the gene of STING in MC38 cells. WT wild type; Data are mean ± SEM from n = 5. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t -tests unless otherwise specified (one-way ANOVA was used to multiple group comparisons). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a file.
    Anti Phosphorylated Irf3, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1419 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/phosphorylated+irf3+ser396/Phospho-IRF-3+(Ser396)+Rabbit+mAb/pmc12946332-455-21-25
    Average 96 stars, based on 1419 article reviews
    anti phosphorylated irf3 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Stenotrophomonas promotes gastrointestinal tumor progression via STING degradation in tumour cells and mitigated immune response"

    Article Title: Stenotrophomonas promotes gastrointestinal tumor progression via STING degradation in tumour cells and mitigated immune response

    Journal: Nature Communications

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68649-0

    A Heatmap showing the decreased expression of majority of ISGs compared SP to Control group (each group, n = 4) in HCT116 cells; SP treated 4 h. B qPCR testing the expression of CXCL10, ISG15, IFNB1, and IFIT1 in HCT116 cells. PAM3, LPS, and cGAMP treat HCT116 for 3 h. PAM3, Pam3CSK4, stimulates TLR2 ligand; LPS, stimulates TLR4 ligand; poly (I:C), stimulates MAVS; cGAMP, 2′3′-cGAMP, stimulates STING. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 4. C WB analysis in HCT116 pretreated with SP for 48 h, followed by a 3 h stimulation with cGAMP (left) and poly (I:C) (right); p-IRF3, IRF3 phosphorylate; p-TBK1, TBK1 phosphorylate; t-IRF3, total IRF3; t-TBK1, total TBK1. D ELISA analysis IFNβ secretion in HCT116 treated with cGAMP for 3 h after with or without infected SP for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. E WB analysis STING protein in different cell lines treated with SP for 48 h in different MOI. F IF shows SP-GFP within HCT116 cells. ER, light blue; SP-GFP, green; Nucleus, DAPI, red. Scale bar = 15 μm, 5 μm. G ELISA analysis of IFNβ secretion in STING-KO HCT116. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. H Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-II⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with wild-type or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. I Flow cytometry analysis of CD206⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with WT or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. J Tumor volume (left) and tumor weight (right) in C57 mouse. STING-KO, knock out the gene of STING in MC38 cells. WT wild type; Data are mean ± SEM from n = 5. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t -tests unless otherwise specified (one-way ANOVA was used to multiple group comparisons). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a file.
    Figure Legend Snippet: A Heatmap showing the decreased expression of majority of ISGs compared SP to Control group (each group, n = 4) in HCT116 cells; SP treated 4 h. B qPCR testing the expression of CXCL10, ISG15, IFNB1, and IFIT1 in HCT116 cells. PAM3, LPS, and cGAMP treat HCT116 for 3 h. PAM3, Pam3CSK4, stimulates TLR2 ligand; LPS, stimulates TLR4 ligand; poly (I:C), stimulates MAVS; cGAMP, 2′3′-cGAMP, stimulates STING. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 4. C WB analysis in HCT116 pretreated with SP for 48 h, followed by a 3 h stimulation with cGAMP (left) and poly (I:C) (right); p-IRF3, IRF3 phosphorylate; p-TBK1, TBK1 phosphorylate; t-IRF3, total IRF3; t-TBK1, total TBK1. D ELISA analysis IFNβ secretion in HCT116 treated with cGAMP for 3 h after with or without infected SP for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. E WB analysis STING protein in different cell lines treated with SP for 48 h in different MOI. F IF shows SP-GFP within HCT116 cells. ER, light blue; SP-GFP, green; Nucleus, DAPI, red. Scale bar = 15 μm, 5 μm. G ELISA analysis of IFNβ secretion in STING-KO HCT116. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. H Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-II⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with wild-type or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. I Flow cytometry analysis of CD206⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with WT or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. J Tumor volume (left) and tumor weight (right) in C57 mouse. STING-KO, knock out the gene of STING in MC38 cells. WT wild type; Data are mean ± SEM from n = 5. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t -tests unless otherwise specified (one-way ANOVA was used to multiple group comparisons). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a file.

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Knock-Out, Two Tailed Test

    Related Articles

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Identification of α-Mangostin as an Agonist of Human STING.
    Article Snippet: A xanthone derivate DMXAA is a potent agonist of mouse STING (stimulator of interferon genes) but cannot activates human STING.. We here report that -Mangostin with the xanthone skeleton is an agonist of human STING but activates mouse STING to a lesser extent.. Protein and cellular assays indicate that -Mangostin binds to and activates human STING leading to activation of the downstream interferon regulatory factor (IRF) pathway, and production of type I interferons.

    Article Title: The discovery of potent small molecule activators of human STING
    Article Snippet: The adaptor protein STING plays a major role in innate immune sensing of cytosolic nucleic acids, by triggering a robust interferon response.. Despite the importance of this protein as a potential therapeutic target for serious unmet medical conditions including cancer and infectious disease there remains a paucity of STING ligands.. Starting with a benzothiazinone series of Jo urn al Pr e-p roo f

    Article Title: Development of Small-Molecule STING Activators for Cancer Immunotherapy
    Article Snippet: The membrane was blocked with 5% BSA in Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20 (TBST; BIOSESANG) solution for 1 h at room temperature, followed by washing with TBST. .. Membranes were incubated with the following antibodies: (1) at 1:1000 dilution—phosphorylated STAT1(Tyr701) (#7649; Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), phosphorylated TBK1 (Ser172) (#5483; Cell Signaling), phosphorylated IRF3 (Ser396) (#4947S; Cell Signaling), phosphorylated STING (S366) (#19781; Cell Signaling), STAT1 (#9172; Cell Signaling), IRF3 (#11904; Cell Signaling), TBK1 (#3504; Cell Signaling), STING (#13647; Cell Signaling), and (2) at 1:3000 dilution—β-actin (#4970; Cell Signaling). .. HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (#7074; Cell Signaling) was used at a dilution of 1:3000.

    Article Title: G10 is a direct activator of human STING
    Article Snippet: 10 μg of extracted protein was electrophoresed in 10% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred onto Immobilon-P membranes (Millipore). .. Blots were incubated with antibodies specific for phosphorylated STING (Ser366), phosphorylated IRF3 (Ser396), total STING, Actin (Cell Signaling) and IRF3 (Abcam) as shown in . .. Anti-rabbit HRP label secondary antibody (Abcam) and Clarity Max TM western ECL substrate (Biorad—cat# 1705062) were used for visualization of bands using a BioRad XRS plus imager.

    other:

    Article Title: Polycomb chromobox Cbx2 enhances antiviral innate immunity by promoting Jmjd3-mediated demethylation of H3K27 at the Ifnb promoter
    Article Snippet: Antibodies against Myc-tag (2272, 2276, 2040), Flag-tag (14793), phosphorylated IRF3 (Ser396) (#4947), phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (Ser536) (#3033), and Normal Rabbit IgG (#2729) were from Cell Signaling Technology.



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    A Heatmap showing the decreased expression of majority of ISGs compared SP to Control group (each group, n = 4) in HCT116 cells; SP treated 4 h. B qPCR testing the expression of CXCL10, ISG15, IFNB1, and IFIT1 in HCT116 cells. PAM3, LPS, and cGAMP treat HCT116 for 3 h. PAM3, Pam3CSK4, stimulates TLR2 ligand; LPS, stimulates TLR4 ligand; poly (I:C), stimulates MAVS; cGAMP, 2′3′-cGAMP, stimulates STING. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 4. C WB analysis in HCT116 pretreated with SP for 48 h, followed by a 3 h stimulation with cGAMP (left) and poly (I:C) (right); <t>p-IRF3,</t> IRF3 phosphorylate; p-TBK1, TBK1 phosphorylate; t-IRF3, total IRF3; t-TBK1, total TBK1. D ELISA analysis IFNβ secretion in HCT116 treated with cGAMP for 3 h after with or without infected SP for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. E WB analysis STING protein in different cell lines treated with SP for 48 h in different MOI. F IF shows SP-GFP within HCT116 cells. ER, light blue; SP-GFP, green; Nucleus, DAPI, red. Scale bar = 15 μm, 5 μm. G ELISA analysis of IFNβ secretion in STING-KO HCT116. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. H Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-II⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with wild-type or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. I Flow cytometry analysis of CD206⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with WT or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. J Tumor volume (left) and tumor weight (right) in C57 mouse. STING-KO, knock out the gene of STING in MC38 cells. WT wild type; Data are mean ± SEM from n = 5. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t -tests unless otherwise specified (one-way ANOVA was used to multiple group comparisons). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a file.
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    The inhibitory activity of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on NF-kB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and endosomal/lysosomal acidification. ( a ) The representative immunoblots showing the effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the phosphorylation of p65 (p-p65) and <t>IRF3</t> <t>(p-IRF3)</t> as well as the degradation of IκBα in the THP-1 cell-derived macrophages upon LPS stimulation over time (0–60 min); β-actin as the internal control. ( b – d ) The densitometry analysis of p-p65 ( b ), IκBα ( c ), and p-IRF3 ( d ) from the immunoblots in ( a ); N = 3; ns: not significant, #, * p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. LPS group. ( e – g ) The effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the LPS-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 ( e ), TNF-α ( f ), and MCP-1 ( g ) in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages; N = 4 (for IL-6), 5 (for TNF-α), and 3 (for MCP-1); ns: not significant, * p < 0.05, **** p < 0.0001 vs. LPS group unless otherwise specified. ( h ) The representative confocal images showing the effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the endosomal acidification probed by pHrodo red (red) (10 μg/mL) and fluorescein (green) (20 μg/mL) labeled dextran in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages overnight; chloroquine (CQ, 30 μM) was used as the positive control; scale bar = 5 μm. ( i ) The ratio of fluorescein/pHrodo red fluorescence intensities quantified from ( i ); N ≥ 40 cells from 2 independent experiments; ns: not significant, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. untreated control unless otherwise specified. LPS = 10 ng/mL, HCQ-L/HCQ-L-P12 = 50 μM (HCQ concentration).
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    The inhibitory activity of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on NF-kB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and endosomal/lysosomal acidification. ( a ) The representative immunoblots showing the effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the phosphorylation of p65 (p-p65) and <t>IRF3</t> <t>(p-IRF3)</t> as well as the degradation of IκBα in the THP-1 cell-derived macrophages upon LPS stimulation over time (0–60 min); β-actin as the internal control. ( b – d ) The densitometry analysis of p-p65 ( b ), IκBα ( c ), and p-IRF3 ( d ) from the immunoblots in ( a ); N = 3; ns: not significant, #, * p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. LPS group. ( e – g ) The effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the LPS-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 ( e ), TNF-α ( f ), and MCP-1 ( g ) in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages; N = 4 (for IL-6), 5 (for TNF-α), and 3 (for MCP-1); ns: not significant, * p < 0.05, **** p < 0.0001 vs. LPS group unless otherwise specified. ( h ) The representative confocal images showing the effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the endosomal acidification probed by pHrodo red (red) (10 μg/mL) and fluorescein (green) (20 μg/mL) labeled dextran in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages overnight; chloroquine (CQ, 30 μM) was used as the positive control; scale bar = 5 μm. ( i ) The ratio of fluorescein/pHrodo red fluorescence intensities quantified from ( i ); N ≥ 40 cells from 2 independent experiments; ns: not significant, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. untreated control unless otherwise specified. LPS = 10 ng/mL, HCQ-L/HCQ-L-P12 = 50 μM (HCQ concentration).
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    Image Search Results


    A Heatmap showing the decreased expression of majority of ISGs compared SP to Control group (each group, n = 4) in HCT116 cells; SP treated 4 h. B qPCR testing the expression of CXCL10, ISG15, IFNB1, and IFIT1 in HCT116 cells. PAM3, LPS, and cGAMP treat HCT116 for 3 h. PAM3, Pam3CSK4, stimulates TLR2 ligand; LPS, stimulates TLR4 ligand; poly (I:C), stimulates MAVS; cGAMP, 2′3′-cGAMP, stimulates STING. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 4. C WB analysis in HCT116 pretreated with SP for 48 h, followed by a 3 h stimulation with cGAMP (left) and poly (I:C) (right); p-IRF3, IRF3 phosphorylate; p-TBK1, TBK1 phosphorylate; t-IRF3, total IRF3; t-TBK1, total TBK1. D ELISA analysis IFNβ secretion in HCT116 treated with cGAMP for 3 h after with or without infected SP for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. E WB analysis STING protein in different cell lines treated with SP for 48 h in different MOI. F IF shows SP-GFP within HCT116 cells. ER, light blue; SP-GFP, green; Nucleus, DAPI, red. Scale bar = 15 μm, 5 μm. G ELISA analysis of IFNβ secretion in STING-KO HCT116. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. H Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-II⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with wild-type or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. I Flow cytometry analysis of CD206⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with WT or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. J Tumor volume (left) and tumor weight (right) in C57 mouse. STING-KO, knock out the gene of STING in MC38 cells. WT wild type; Data are mean ± SEM from n = 5. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t -tests unless otherwise specified (one-way ANOVA was used to multiple group comparisons). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a file.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Stenotrophomonas promotes gastrointestinal tumor progression via STING degradation in tumour cells and mitigated immune response

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68649-0

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A Heatmap showing the decreased expression of majority of ISGs compared SP to Control group (each group, n = 4) in HCT116 cells; SP treated 4 h. B qPCR testing the expression of CXCL10, ISG15, IFNB1, and IFIT1 in HCT116 cells. PAM3, LPS, and cGAMP treat HCT116 for 3 h. PAM3, Pam3CSK4, stimulates TLR2 ligand; LPS, stimulates TLR4 ligand; poly (I:C), stimulates MAVS; cGAMP, 2′3′-cGAMP, stimulates STING. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 4. C WB analysis in HCT116 pretreated with SP for 48 h, followed by a 3 h stimulation with cGAMP (left) and poly (I:C) (right); p-IRF3, IRF3 phosphorylate; p-TBK1, TBK1 phosphorylate; t-IRF3, total IRF3; t-TBK1, total TBK1. D ELISA analysis IFNβ secretion in HCT116 treated with cGAMP for 3 h after with or without infected SP for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. E WB analysis STING protein in different cell lines treated with SP for 48 h in different MOI. F IF shows SP-GFP within HCT116 cells. ER, light blue; SP-GFP, green; Nucleus, DAPI, red. Scale bar = 15 μm, 5 μm. G ELISA analysis of IFNβ secretion in STING-KO HCT116. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. H Flow cytometry analysis of MHC-II⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with wild-type or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. I Flow cytometry analysis of CD206⁺ macrophage populations following coculture with WT or STING-KO HCT116 cells. Data are mean ± SEM from n = 3. J Tumor volume (left) and tumor weight (right) in C57 mouse. STING-KO, knock out the gene of STING in MC38 cells. WT wild type; Data are mean ± SEM from n = 5. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t -tests unless otherwise specified (one-way ANOVA was used to multiple group comparisons). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a file.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies included anti-β-tubulin (cat: ARG62347 , Arigo), anti-GAPDH (cat: 2118, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-IRF3 (cat: 4302, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-phosphorylated IRF3 (cat: 4947, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-TBK1 (cat: 3504S, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-phosphorylated TBK1 (cat: 5483S, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-STING (cat: 13647, Cell Signaling Technology) and anti-phosphorylated STING (cat: 50907S, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-SEL1L (cat: 29801-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-Phospho-PERK (cat: 3179 T, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-PERK (cat: 3192 T, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-cGAS (cat:79978, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-IRE1α (cat: 3294, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-ATF-6 (cat: 65880, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-XBP-1s(cat: 40435, Cell Signaling Technology).

    Techniques: Expressing, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Knock-Out, Two Tailed Test

    The inhibitory activity of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on NF-kB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and endosomal/lysosomal acidification. ( a ) The representative immunoblots showing the effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the phosphorylation of p65 (p-p65) and IRF3 (p-IRF3) as well as the degradation of IκBα in the THP-1 cell-derived macrophages upon LPS stimulation over time (0–60 min); β-actin as the internal control. ( b – d ) The densitometry analysis of p-p65 ( b ), IκBα ( c ), and p-IRF3 ( d ) from the immunoblots in ( a ); N = 3; ns: not significant, #, * p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. LPS group. ( e – g ) The effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the LPS-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 ( e ), TNF-α ( f ), and MCP-1 ( g ) in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages; N = 4 (for IL-6), 5 (for TNF-α), and 3 (for MCP-1); ns: not significant, * p < 0.05, **** p < 0.0001 vs. LPS group unless otherwise specified. ( h ) The representative confocal images showing the effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the endosomal acidification probed by pHrodo red (red) (10 μg/mL) and fluorescein (green) (20 μg/mL) labeled dextran in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages overnight; chloroquine (CQ, 30 μM) was used as the positive control; scale bar = 5 μm. ( i ) The ratio of fluorescein/pHrodo red fluorescence intensities quantified from ( i ); N ≥ 40 cells from 2 independent experiments; ns: not significant, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. untreated control unless otherwise specified. LPS = 10 ng/mL, HCQ-L/HCQ-L-P12 = 50 μM (HCQ concentration).

    Journal: Journal of Functional Biomaterials

    Article Title: Hexapeptide-Liposome Nanosystem for the Delivery of Endosomal pH Modulator to Treat Acute Lung Injury

    doi: 10.3390/jfb16120450

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The inhibitory activity of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on NF-kB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and endosomal/lysosomal acidification. ( a ) The representative immunoblots showing the effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the phosphorylation of p65 (p-p65) and IRF3 (p-IRF3) as well as the degradation of IκBα in the THP-1 cell-derived macrophages upon LPS stimulation over time (0–60 min); β-actin as the internal control. ( b – d ) The densitometry analysis of p-p65 ( b ), IκBα ( c ), and p-IRF3 ( d ) from the immunoblots in ( a ); N = 3; ns: not significant, #, * p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. LPS group. ( e – g ) The effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the LPS-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 ( e ), TNF-α ( f ), and MCP-1 ( g ) in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages; N = 4 (for IL-6), 5 (for TNF-α), and 3 (for MCP-1); ns: not significant, * p < 0.05, **** p < 0.0001 vs. LPS group unless otherwise specified. ( h ) The representative confocal images showing the effects of HCQ-L and HCQ-L-P12 on the endosomal acidification probed by pHrodo red (red) (10 μg/mL) and fluorescein (green) (20 μg/mL) labeled dextran in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages overnight; chloroquine (CQ, 30 μM) was used as the positive control; scale bar = 5 μm. ( i ) The ratio of fluorescein/pHrodo red fluorescence intensities quantified from ( i ); N ≥ 40 cells from 2 independent experiments; ns: not significant, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. untreated control unless otherwise specified. LPS = 10 ng/mL, HCQ-L/HCQ-L-P12 = 50 μM (HCQ concentration).

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies against IκBα (9242S), phosphorylated p65 (p-p65, 3033S), β-actin (8457S), and phosphorylated IRF3 (p-IRF3, 4947S), as well as the HRP-linked anti-rabbit antibody (7074S), were all acquired from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA).

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Western Blot, Phospho-proteomics, Derivative Assay, Control, Labeling, Positive Control, Fluorescence, Concentration Assay